A web designer is responsible for creating the design and layout of a website or web pages. It and can mean working on a brand new website or updating an already existing site. Their role is different to web developers, who specialise in making web designs a reality or writing code that dictates how different parts of the website fit together. However, there can be crossover between the two roles.
Responsibilities of the job include:
creating website designs
producing sample sites
meeting with clients to discuss requirements and/or project progress
demonstrating and receiving feedback about draft sites
keeping up to date with recent technological and software developments
developing skills and expertise in appropriate software/programming languages such as HTML and Javascript
creating products that are user-friendly, effective and appealing
digital retouching and image editing
working as part of a multidisciplinary team
There can be some pressure to meet deadlines and so extra hours may be required.
Typical employers of web designers
Software companies
IT consultancies
Specialist web design companies
Large corporate organisations
Any organisation that uses computer systems
Self-employment/freelance work is often possible for individuals with appropriate experience. Vacancies are advertised online, by careers services and by recruitment agencies.
View our graduate IT and technology vacancies.
Qualifications and training required
There are routes into web design for both university graduates and school leavers. For jobs advertised to graduates, employers are likely to seek a degree in digital media design or a related subject. Whether you have a related degree or not, you will need to be able to present a portfolio of your best web design work.
School leavers wanting to go into web design should look out for web designer apprenticeships and should expect to have to prove their interest, for example by having relevant work experience to talk about.
Key skills for web designers
Imagination
Creativity
Patience
Attention to detail
Analytical skills
Communication skills
Technical ability
Excellent IT skills
SEO knowledge
Experience of using programmes such as PhotoShop and InDesign
E-Commerce Website And App Development
A website that allows people to buy and sell physical goods, services, and digital products over the internet rather than at a brick-and-mortar location. Through an e-commerce website, a business can process orders, accept payments, manage shipping and logistics, and provide customer service.
Get your business online
It’s tough to imagine daily life without e-commerce. We order food, clothes, and furniture; we register for classes and other online services; we download books, music, and movies; and so much more. E-commerce has taken root and is here to stay.
The term “e-commerce” simply means the sale of goods or services on the internet. In its most basic form, e-commerce involves electronically transferring funds and data between 2 or more parties. This form of business has evolved quite a bit since its beginnings in the electronic data interchange of the 1960s and the inception of online shopping in the 1990s.
In recent years, e-commerce has enjoyed a massive boost from the rise of smartphones, which allow consumers to shop from nearly anywhere. In fact, business experts predicted that mobile e-commerce alone would surpass $284 billion in 2020.
What is an e-commerce website?
Much like a traditional physical retail store, e-commerce websites allow consumers and businesses to buy and sell to one another on a designated platform. The main difference between e-commerce and physical commerce, however, is that e-commerce transactions occur entirely over the internet rather than at a brick-and-mortar location.
Types of e-commerce sites
The scope of e-commerce is vast, but the types of sites that host electronic transactions can be broken down according to the parties involved.
Business-to-consumer (B2C): Probably the most familiar to the average person, a B2C site enables an exchange of goods or services between a business and a consumer, such as buying a T-shirt from your favorite online shop.
Business-to-business (B2B): A B2B platform facilitates electronic transactions between two businesses. If you own a company that sells T-shirts, for example, you might buy those shirts from an online wholesaler.
Business-to-administration (B2A): A B2A site facilitates electronic exchanges between an organization and a public institution, like the website of a company that designed your city’s web portal, for instance.
Consumer-to-consumer (C2C): A C2C site, often known as a marketplace, hosts an exchange of goods between 2 or more consumers. Examples include websites like Etsy and eBay.
Consumer-to-business (C2B): On a C2B site, individuals offer goods or services to businesses. This could be a freelance SEO expert who works with companies in a certain industry or an influencer paid to promote a company’s products.
Consumer-to-administration (C2A): Similar to B2A, this type of site allows a consumer to provide information, goods, or services to public administration and governmental organizations—think paying a parking ticket on your city’s web portal.
Types of products sold via e-commerce
The digital component of e-commerce allows sellers to offer a wide range of products, some of which wouldn’t be possible to sell in a physical location.
Physical goods
Items such as clothing, furniture, food, or supplies are tangible products that can be stored in a warehouse. Sellers display goods on their e-commerce website, where consumers can like, save, or purchase them. Upon purchase, the business ships the item to the customer.
Services
E-commerce sites are also a popular way to sell services, like consultations, maintenance, tutoring, lessons, and more. Whether you want to learn to code a website or you’re looking for an experienced trainer to help fix your dog’s troublesome barking habit, there’s no shortage of assistance available online.
Digital products
Digital products—like online courses, software, podcasts, music, and e-books—are becoming increasingly popular on e-commerce sites as well. The rise of digital products has opened up a new way to learn skills on demand.
What should your e-commerce site do?
When it comes to selling goods and services online, there are a few basic functions every e-commerce site should include.
Accept orders
If you’re running a business that sells a product, your e-commerce site must be able to accept orders from your customers. This process can be more complex than you might expect. For each order, your site will need to:
Record customer information (name, address, etc.)
Collect customers’ acceptance of your terms of service
Calculate any applicable taxes
Apply coupons or discounts
Generate order and tracking numbers
Share delivery details
Process billing information
Provide access to a payment gateway
Take payments
There should be a seamless transition from your website to a payment gateway. Typically, payment gateways allow customers to:
Select a payment option
Provide details such as credit card numbers and CVVs
Use multi-step authentication for secure payments
Handle shipping and logistics
Once your site has handled the order and payment process for a customer, the next step is delivery.
As a seller, your goal is to ensure that customers receive the right product on time and in perfect condition. To help this process along, you can either handle shipping and logistics yourself or use a third-party provider. No matter which method you choose, your website should be able to initiate the process accurately and consistently.
Your site will also need to have a process in place for accepting returned items. Also known as reverse logistics, this process is just as important as shipping outbound goods.
Provide customer service
Inevitably, your customers will need to communicate with you about their order or experience. They may need to correct their personal information, make an exchange, or return a faulty product. Your website is where these customers will turn to get in touch with you. The easier you make it for customers to connect—with a contact form or chat service, for example—the easier it will be to solve their problems quickly.
What metrics should you track?
Tracking e-commerce metrics can help you measure success, showing you what’s working for your customers and what might need some improvement. Most e-commerce platforms have some built-in data tracking, but for truly robust metrics, you’ll want to connect your website to an analytics platform, such as Google Analytics.
Website traffic
Your website traffic is a straightforward measurement of visitors to your site and the number of people who buy something while they’re there. Traffic often paints a clear picture of the effectiveness of your latest marketing efforts.
Bounce rate
Your bounce rate is the percentage of visitors who leave your site after viewing only one page or interacting with just one area of your site. If you see a high bounce rate, consumers probably aren’t making many purchases, so it’s important to figure out why they’re leaving. The problem may come down to marketing, pricing, the layout of your site, or a host of other factors.
Visitor conversion rate
The visitor conversion rate captures the percentage of website visitors who become paying customers. Conversion rates are important because they show how effectively you’re able to persuade folks to make a purchase. When you have a low conversion rate, customers are letting you know that something is missing from your business or your marketing.
Cart abandonment rate
Just like in a physical store, an abandoned cart in e-commerce is one that has been filled and deserted by the shopper. While abandoned carts can be frustrating as a seller, they’re not always a bad sign. Many shoppers use their carts as a wishlist or placeholder as they look around for the right product.
Regardless, you want customers to re-engage and buy those items in their cart. You can encourage them to complete their purchase by offering a discount or nudging them with a promotional email.
Email subscriber engagement
It’s easy to track how many people are reading your emails—and how many are becoming customers. Monitoring your email subscriber engagement can help you determine which aspects of your email marketing are effective and what might still need some work.
Mobile users
Mobile e-commerce has become so prevalent that it’s even earned its own name—m-commerce. This makes it even more critical for you to track the number of mobile visitors to your site. It’s also helpful to pay attention to how many of your mobile visitors eventually become customers.
Time spent
Looking at the time customers spend on your site can give you valuable insight into their behavior. Are your visitors browsing but not buying? Maybe your website is appealing, but your price point is too high. Are visitors bouncing almost immediately? Maybe your site is difficult to navigate.
Pages per visit
Another metric that can help unpack customer behavior is pages-per-visit. This measures how many individual pages on your site customers are visiting and can help you measure the effectiveness of your online store.
Building your e-commerce business
Starting an e-commerce business takes research, planning, and passion. With the right tools, you can tap into the market of online shoppers seeking products from the comfort of their own homes.
Here are steps to follow when you’re ready to move your venture forward.
Step #1: Choose your product
Before you get started, make sure you have a clear idea of your niche. Even better, it helps to consider what you want to contribute to the market and begin with a vision of the items you hope to sell.
Once you’ve landed on a specific product or service, take your time and do some research. Start by looking into other businesses in your industry. Pay attention to what they’re doing well and what you think you could improve on. Carefully examine their business model, marketing techniques, and the functionality of their website. These observations can help shape your own plan.
Make sure you also consider the potential for market saturation, the ease (or difficulty) of entry into the market, and what unique needs your product may be able to fill.
Step #2: Find your target audience
Once you know what you want to sell, it’s time to identify your target customer. Consider who your ideal buyer is and what qualities they have. It can be helpful to develop a customer persona during this part of the process.
A customer or buyer persona is a fictionalized version of your ideal customer. This persona can help you predict customer behavior and understand your future clients more deeply. Factors you might want to consider when developing a persona are age, location, income level, and personal goals or values. Whether you build detailed personas or not, keeping these qualities in mind can help you predict your real customers’ online presence and marketing preferences.
Step #3: Validate your product
Even with a vision of your product and a clear picture of your target audience, you still have some significant hurdles to clear before you can launch your brand. First, you need to determine whether your idea will be viable in the actual marketplace. You’ll want to consider both market-based criteria like market size, competitors, and industry trends and product-based criteria like price point, markups, sales tactics, and regulations.
When validating your product, you should come away with a firm understanding of the costs you’ll face as a business owner. For e-commerce sellers, you often have more flexibility in your pricing since you won’t have the cost of a storefront or, in the case of digital products, warehouse and manufacturing expenses.
Step #4: Shape your business
If your business is centered around a physical product, you’ll need to establish a model for obtaining, packaging, and shipping your orders. Some of your options include:
Making the product yourself and handling the cost of shipping
Having your product manufactured by another company
Reselling wholesale items at a markup
Dropshipping items by working with a third-party inventory handler
Offering a digital product that eliminates the need for production or shipping
Once you’ve determined how you’ll move your product, it’s time to write a business plan. This plan will be essential to refining your goals and guiding your next steps. Think about the type of business you’re starting, your product, your ideal customer, your source of income, your staffing needs, and your operations model.
An effective business plan is often between 15 and 20 pages and includes:
An executive summary
Your company overview
Market analysis
Definitions of your product or services
An actionable marketing plan
A plan for logistics
A well-developed financial plan
Step #5: Pick a name
If you don’t already have one in mind, your e-commerce store will need a memorable name. A great business name is compelling, descriptive, and one of a kind. Check to make sure your business name is available on your secretary of state’s website and the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office website. After you’ve made a decision, you’ll want to:
Claim your domain name.
Consult with an attorney to legally register your business as an LLC, corporation, partnership, or proprietorship.
Apply for your employer identification number (EIN) through the IRS.
Apply for any necessary business permits or licenses, including sales tax permits, health and safety permits, and more.
Step #6: Build your website
After you’ve created your new business, it’s finally time to build your e-commerce website. Your goal should be to create a polished website that reflects your new brand’s values and aesthetics. The basic steps of website-building include:
Purchasing a domain. If you haven’t already, you can buy a custom domain with Mailchimp. This makes it easier for customers to find you and lends credibility to your new site.
Choosing a website builder. Mailchimp makes it easy to design and build the website you’re envisioning for your brand. The all-in-one platform simplifies the process of creating and promoting your website.
Mapping out your site. Once you’ve taken the time to explore the website builder and its capabilities, it’s helpful to create a site map. Focus on making your site easy to navigate and fun to explore.
Designing your aesthetic. Take your time establishing a visual package that represents your brand’s values and culture. Mailchimp’s flexible tools make it simple to elevate your website design with professional formats and appealing branding.
Building out your pages. Each page on your website should meet the needs of your target audience. Remember that all roads should lead to creating new customers.
Connecting your payment processor. Make sure your website can accept payments before you launch.
Optimizing your SEO. Search engine optimization (SEO) is the key to gaining visibility online. Make sure you’re using keywords wisely so you can connect with as many customers as possible.
Launching your e-commerce store. Double-check your e-commerce launch checklist before going live with your new online store.
Step #7: Develop a marketing strategy
Marketing is essential to your store, both before and after you launch, so you’ll want to make sure you develop a compelling marketing strategy to get the word out.
Branch out
When it comes to marketing, it’s often beneficial to use multiple channels to reach your customers. For example, you could:
Promote your blog on your social media channels—and vice versa.
Post on multiple social media channels and see which platform garners the most engagement from your audience.
Partner with influencers or affiliate marketers and provide them with links to shoppable landing pages they can share.
Tweak your SEO strategies
Search engine optimization is an ongoing process. To maintain visibility, focus on developing your site’s SEO with effective copy, product descriptions, and up-to-date blog posts. Keep in mind that your entire site should align with current SEO standards to maximize your exposure.
Invest in CRM
Customer relationship management, or CRM, is a game-changer for online businesses. A CRM platform can support or handle your e-commerce marketing ventures by gathering important data about demographics and behaviors. In other words, investing in CRM can help you optimize your marketing choices and boost sales.
Make the most of email
Email plays a significant role in any marketing efforts because it allows you to connect with people who’ve already shown interest in your product. Email marketing campaigns are a great way to share exclusive offers, promotions, company updates, and product launch details. You could even add surveys to your email to collect customer feedback and help shape the future of your brand.
Android App Development
Mobile, sometimes called application or iOS, Developers use programming languages and source code to create software. Developers may work with multiple programming languages and operating systems, thus requirements vary for developers depending on the employer. Application development involves the process, life, and creation of the software aimed at helping users. Mobile Developers work closely with computer analysts and engineers in using languages such as Java and C++ to develop the necessary specifications for software. They may also test, debug, and improve applications for clients and often collaborate with product and design teams.
Responsibilities vary for developers based on level of experience, type of application platform, and employer. Application developers often have the duty of creating, maintaining, and implementing the source code that makes up the application or program. Application developers may also be responsible for designing the prototype application, indicate program unit structure, and coordinate application plans with the development team or client.
When hiring or creating a Mobile Developer job description, keep the following app development skills in mind:
MOBILE DEVELOPER SKILLS NEEDED
App design
Software design
Coding
Native app writing ability
Backend web services knowledge
Knowledge of UX and UI
Unit tests, automation, and code reviews
Creativity and brainstorming
Organization and ability to multi-task
Willingness to learn new technology
APIs
Complex problem solving
MOBILE DEVELOPER SUGGESTED SOFTWARE PROFICIENCY
Linux/Unix
Phython, Perl, Shell Scripting
Java
C#
Swift
ORACLE
Apache
iOS
Adobe Systems Adobe ActionScript
ABAP
Drupal
HTML
LAMP Stack
Ruby On Rails
Website Design
Software development refers to a set of computer science activities dedicated to the process of creating, designing, deploying and supporting software.
Software itself is the set of instructions or programs that tell a computer what to do. It is independent of hardware and makes computers programmable. There are three basic types:
System software to provide core functions such as operating systems, disk management, utilities, hardware management and other operational necessities.
Programming software to give programmers tools such as text editors, compilers, linkers, debuggers and other tools to create code.
Application software (applications or apps) to help users perform tasks. Office productivity suites, data management software, media players and security programs are examples. Applications also refers to web and mobile applications like those used to shop on Amazon.com, socialize with Facebook or post pictures to Instagram.
A possible fourth type is embedded software. Embedded systems software is used to control machines and devices not typically considered computers — telecommunications networks, cars, industrial robots and more. These devices, and their software, can be connected as part of the Internet of Things (IoT).
Software development is primarily conducted by programmers, software engineers and software developers. These roles interact and overlap, and the dynamics between them vary greatly across development departments and communities.
Programmers, or coders, write source code to program computers for specific tasks like merging databases, processing online orders, routing communications, conducting searches or displaying text and graphics. Programmers typically interpret instructions from software developers and engineers and use programming languages like C++ or Java to carry them out.
Software engineers apply engineering principles to build software and systems to solve problems. They use modeling language and other tools to devise solutions that can often be applied to problems in a general way, as opposed to merely solving for a specific instance or client. Software engineering solutions adhere to the scientific method and must work in the real world, as with bridges or elevators. Their responsibility has grown as products have become increasingly more intelligent with the addition of microprocessors, sensors and software. Not only are more products relying on software for market differentiation, but their software development must be coordinated with the product’s mechanical and electrical development work.
Software developers have a less formal role than engineers and can be closely involved with specific project areas — including writing code. At the same time, they drive the overall software development lifecycle — including working across functional teams to transform requirements into features, managing development teams and processes, and conducting software testing and maintenance.
The work of software development isn’t confined to coders or development teams. Professionals such as scientists, device fabricators and hardware makers also create software code even though they are not primarily software developers. Nor is it confined to traditional information technology industries such as software or semiconductor businesses. In fact, according to the Brookings Institute, those businesses “account for less than half of the companies performing software development.”
An important distinction is custom software development as opposed to commercial software development. Custom software development is the process of designing, creating, deploying and maintaining software for a specific set of users, functions or organizations. In contrast, commercial off-the-shelf software (COTS) is designed for a broad set of requirements, allowing it to be packaged and commercially marketed and distributed.
Steps in the software development process
Developing software typically involves the following steps:
Selecting a methodology to establish a framework in which the steps of software development are applied. It describes an overall work process or roadmap for the project. Methodologies can include Agile development, DevOps, Rapid Application Development(RAD), Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe), Waterfall and others. (See the glossary.)
Gathering requirements to understand and document what is required by users and other stakeholders.
Choosing or building an architecture as the underlying structure within which the software will operate.
Developing a design around solutions to the problems presented by requirements, often involving process models and storyboards.
Building a model with a modeling tool that uses a modeling language like SysML or UML to conduct early validation, prototyping and simulation of the design.
Constructing code in the appropriate programming language. Involves peer and team review to eliminate problems early and produce quality software faster.
Testing with pre-planned scenarios as part of software design and coding — and conducting performance testing to simulate load testing on the application.
Managing configuration and defects to understand all the software artifacts (requirements, design, code, test) and build distinct versions of the software. Establish quality assurance priorities and release criteria to address and track defects.
Deploying the software for use and responding to and resolving user problems.
Migrating data to the new or updated software from existing applications or data sources if necessary.
Managing and measuring the project to maintain quality and delivery over the application lifecycle, and to evaluate the development process with models such as the Capability Maturity Model (CMM).
The steps of the software development process fit into application lifecycle management (ALM). The IBM Engineering Management solution is a superset of ALM that enables the management of parallel mechanical, electrical and software development.
Requirements analysis and specification
Design and development
Testing
Deployment
Maintenance and support
Software development process steps can be grouped into the phases of the lifecycle, but the importance of the lifecycle is that it recycles to enable continuous improvement. For example, user issues that surface in the maintenance and support phase can become requirements at the beginning of the next cycle.
Why is software development important?
Software development is also important because it is pervasive. As IBM vice president and blogger Dibbe Edwards points out: “Software has emerged as a key differentiator in many products — from cars to washing machines to thermostats — with a growing Internet of Things connecting them.”
Key features of effective software development
Using software development to differentiate brands and gain competitive advantage requires proficiency with the techniques and technologies that can accelerate software deployment, quality and efficacy.
Artificial intelligence (AI): AI enables software to emulate human decision-making and learning. Neural networks, machine learning, natural language processing and cognitive capabilities present developers and businesses with the opportunity to offer products and services that disrupt marketplaces and leap ahead of the competition. IBM Watson offers developers a way to connect with and use artificial intelligence services as part of their applications through application programming interfaces or APIs. You can also use IBM Watson to improve your product requirements by checking for ambiguity, unclear actors, compound or negative requirements, missing units or tolerances, incomplete requirements, and unspecific quantities.
Cloud-native development: Cloud-native development is a way of building applications to exploit cloud environments. A cloud-native application consists of discrete, reusable components known as microservices that are designed to integrate into any cloud environment. These microservices act as building blocks and are often packaged in containers. Because of this architecture, cloud-native applications can use cloud environments to improve application performance, flexibility and extensibility.
Cloud-based development: Just as IT organizations look to the cloud to improve resource management and cut costs, so do software development organizations. In this way, the cloud can be used as a fast, flexible and cost-efficient integrated development environment (IDE) or development Platform as a Service (PaaS). Cloud-based development environments can support coding, design, integration, testing and other development functions. They can also offer access to APIs, microservices, DevOps and other development tools, services and expertise.
Blockchain: Blockchain is a secure, digitally linked ledger that eliminates cost and vulnerability introduced by parties like banks, regulatory bodies and other intermediaries. It is transforming businesses by freeing capital, accelerating processes, lowering transaction costs and more. Blockchain presents a tremendous opportunity for software development. Developers are working with distributed ledgers and open source Hyperledger technology to change how businesses operate.
Low code: Forrester defines low code as: “Products and/or cloud services for application development that employ visual, declarative techniques instead of programming and are available to customers at low- or no-cost in money and training ...” 4 In short, it’s a development practice that reduces the need for coding and enables non-coders or citizen developers to build or help build applications quickly and at lower cost.
Analytics: Annual demand for data scientists, data developers, and data engineers will reach nearly 700,000 openings by 2020. The demand signifies how critical it is for companies to gain insight and value from the explosion of data. Accordingly, software developers are integrating advanced analytics capabilities into their applications. Cloud-based services and APIs make it simpler to guide data exploration, automate predictive analytics and create dashboards that deliver new insights and improve decision making.
Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE): In MBSE, software modeling languages are used to perform early prototyping, simulation and analysis of software designs for early validation. Building designs in MBSE helps you to analyze and elaborate project requirements and move rapidly from design to implementation.
Mobile: A key capability for software developers is creating mobile apps with deep connections to data that enriches and elevates user experiences. Forrester has found that “deeply integrating digital/mobile customer data has a strong effect on how customers interact with brands.”
A quick glossary
Agile development breaks requirements into consumable functions and delivers rapidly on those functions through incremental development. A feedback loop helps find and fix defects as functionality continues to deploy.
Capability Maturity Model (CMM) assesses the proficiency of software development processes. It tracks progress from ad hoc actions to defined steps to measured results and optimized processes.
DevOps, a combination of development and operations, is an agile-based approach that brings software development and IT operations together in the design, development, deployment and support of software.
Rapid application development (RAD) is a non-linear approach that condenses design and code construction into one interconnected step.
Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) provides a way to scale agile methodology to a larger software development team or organization.
Waterfall, often considered the traditional software development methodology, is a set of cascading linear steps from planning and requirements gathering through deployment and maintenance.
WordPress Website Development
WordPress developers design and implement websites for companies using the WordPress creation tool. They are responsible for both front-end and back-end development, including the implementation of themes and plugins. Their goal is to create attractive and user-friendly websites according to client specifications.
Responsibilities of the job include:
creating website designs
producing sample sites
meeting with clients to discuss requirements and/or project progress
demonstrating and receiving feedback about draft sites
keeping up to date with recent technological and software developments
developing skills and expertise in appropriate software/programming languages such as HTML and Javascript
creating products that are user-friendly, effective and appealing
digital retouching and image editing
working as part of a multidisciplinary team
There can be some pressure to meet deadlines and so extra hours may be required.
Typical employers of web designers
Software companies
IT consultancies
Specialist web design companies
Large corporate organisations
Any organisation that uses computer systems
Self-employment/freelance work is often possible for individuals with appropriate experience. Vacancies are advertised online, by careers services and by recruitment agencies.
View our graduate IT and technology vacancies.
Qualifications and training required
There are routes into web design for both university graduates and school leavers. For jobs advertised to graduates, employers are likely to seek a degree in digital media design or a related subject. Whether you have a related degree or not, you will need to be able to present a portfolio of your best web design work.
School leavers wanting to go into web design should look out for web designer apprenticeships and should expect to have to prove their interest, for example by having relevant work experience to talk about.
Key skills for web designers
Imagination
Creativity
Patience
Attention to detail
Analytical skills
Communication skills
Technical ability
Excellent IT skills
SEO knowledge
Experience of using programmes such as PhotoShop and InDesign